Ubiquity
By Ivan Quaroni
“Ambiguity is a condition of language...” (Jacques Lacan)
For a long time, perception has been the core of optic and kinetic experiments in Europe by the end of the Fifties and all along the following decade. The urgency and direction of those studies was a cultural consequence of the scientific discoveries in quantum theoriesand the first space explorations. It focused on the observer’s role and physiology in receiving an image. At the same time, it reflected the connection between the second and third dimension of space.
Fifty years later, in the digital era, the studies of the link between image and awareness must be revised or, at least, extended to the new perceptive standards. Patrick Tabarelli’s work is connected to this way of re-consideration the mechanisms of representation and the reading process of the image. He deeply investigates the hidden division between creative techniques and final result. The image, or the aesthetic work, communicates formal meanings in contrast with the emotional (and romantic) tradition of the artistic practice. Tabarelli paints flat, anti-substance surfaces, emptied of any psychological or emotional content. In his oils and alkyds on canvas (2012 - 2013), shapes have often bio-morphic origins and do spread all over the illusory space through rotational, waving and swinging motions. The use of complementary colours and chiaroscuro emphasizes the artificial effects and adds to the images an almost photographic quality. They look like digital images, but they are made in a manual way. Tabarelli knows the image is by definition and essentially an illusion. So he highlights its misleading tendencies with an intentional, ambiguous and undefined way of painting. He works especially on dichotomy concepts, such as the conflict between the actual dimension of the image and the realisation process. The consequences of this method are various. Regarding the paintings, Tabarelli shows optic devices which suspend the traditional aura of creation. The observer cannot find any sign or trace of the artist’s presence, even if it is clear and evident that these works are part of a project and procedure. Tabarellii studied design and worked for an agency specialized in scientific photography. Inevitably the artist has been influenced by his past while dealing with painting in his unique way. The distance between the author and his work, the creator and his object is achievable only through a project. It is also possible that the artist may follow sudden ideas and adjust his research during this process. Patrick Tabarelli hides, in a very clever way, his modus-operandi inside his paintings. The observer is pushed to question the ambiguous nature of images. Another division lies in distributing the pictorial space. The place of the action, the field of representation, is always delimited. It is sliced by diagonal lines which interfere with a possible proper fruition. The space of the canvas is fragmented into static and dynamic areas. In the latter ones, where the bio-morphisms give the impression of a costant and fluent movement, lies a static condition. The first and apparent mobility of the shapes is blocked as in a freeze-frame. Motion stops a few instants after the first visual approach. This does not happen in the most recent series of pictures Zero-Om. The textured lines on the surfaces, coming from brushing the soft paste on the canvas, lead to chromatic aberration effects.
The most recent results of Patrick Tabarelli’s research challenge, through a different process, the dichotomy of his previous works. The only difference is that the artist explores now a digital territory.
Around a year ago, the artist was interested into the Makers, a spontaneous movement made by digital artisans. Today, they can build objects which would have been too expensive to realize only a few years ago. It all came from the creation of Arduino, an electronic card invented in Ivrea. This card is able to build prototypes, in a semi-professional way, with the use of a computer and a 3D printer and software. This discovery induced Tabarelli to imagine the applications of this technology in art. Then, he studied and built a hardware and software to paint. His project is named NORAA (NOn Representational Art Automata), it is basically a drawbot, or paintbot, a device able to convert its software commands into painting.
Drawbots exist since a while. They are part of the tradition of Computer Art, which goes back to the Sixties. It is well explained in a recent essay by Grant D. Taylor, When the Machine Made Art: Troubled History of Computer Art (Bloomsbury Academic, 2014). Though, NORAA has been conceived as something more than a simple tool. It may become an open and shared platform, through which an entire community may work all together to realise an artistic project, from the initial idea to the final hardware. Anyway, this regards the next phase of the project. By now, NORAA allowed Tabarelli to create essentially bidimensional paintings on paper, using watercolour or acryliic markers. Differently from the paintings, these works look like hand painted. They present the innacuracy and unpredictability of human contribution. NORAA, indeed, does not produce pre-conceived pictures, but it translates attitudes. Its software controls the way of operating, but not the exact quality or disposition of the painted images. So the structure of the paintings is surprising every time you use the machine.
By a philosophical point of view, Tabarelli is faithful to the aim of his studies: his fundamental ambiguity of perception. He switched the dichotomy elements. In the NORAA project, the process descends from digital technologies, but the results do not betray its origins. Every picture is different, but the pictorial effect is especially evident. Not only colours or structure (and their respective preparation), but it is the whole process to be clearly influenced by the artist. Perhaps, for this reason, the artist never shows his machine in its entirety, but only small parts of it. As usual, he wants to emphasize this apparent dichotomy: between man and machine, and, in general, between method and final result. His NOn Representational Art Automata reduces indeed the distances between man and machine. This is the demonstration that the concepts of creator and authenticity must be completely revised, since it has been confirmed also by the recent results in the field of technological ubiquity, or, as it is called by the experts, Ubicomp (Ubiquitous Computing), an IT branch focused on the realisation of new interactive and desktop-less models for computers.
Born as an artistic investigation on shapes and procedures, Tabarelli’s research opens new and unexpected perspectives. These discoveries will probably go beyond its artistic applications, considering the unavoidable repercussions of open source creativity into society. The exchange and sharing of knowledge is increasing, but we are not ready yet to abolish the authorial status of the individual.
Uncertainty Principle
Ivan Quaroni
"There is no abstract art. You always start with something. Afterward you can remove alltraces of reality."
(Pablo Picasso)
"An image breaks the borders defined by concept in order to define and contain it. Spiritmust realize this, whether it likes it or not, or it will succumb under phenomena."
(ErnstJunger)
In recent times, Italian art developed a new aniconic and polysemous sensibility expressed through several media, from painting to sculpture and installation, in discontinuity with the codes belonging to geometrical abstraction. In the history of art, the abstract process often represented an arrival point, intended as an evolution or improvement of the pictorial language. Many Italian abstract painters like Alberto Magnelli, Manlio Rho, Arturo Bonfanti and Osvaldo Licini, for instance, started from a realistic approach to then create a system of inner signs and figures closer to the intangible world of ideas. However, the passage from iconic to aniconic representation has always developed in this order and never in the opposite way.
What distinguishes this group of artists belonging to the Millennials generation is the recognition of the basic ambiguity of visual language and, therefore, the final dismissal of the dichotomy between abstraction and representation, a legacy from the past. It is clear that these categorizations are not functional anymore. It might be the consequence of a structural change in culture, regarding the emerging of a new awareness, more and more a-confessional in an ideological way. We may consider it as a legacy of the post-modern period, which helped to redefine genres making them liquid and supporting a free circulation of artist between various artistic fields. International critics testified this change, pushing authors like Tony Godfrey and Bob Nikas to rethink old classifications and introduce new elastic visions on present pictorial researches. Godfrey invented the definition of Ambiguous Abstraction, regarding those works by abstract artists where figurative traces survive in a evanescent way. Nikas expanded the Hybrid Picture definitionalso to those works by mainly figurative artists (like Jules de Balincourt and Wilhelm Sasnal) showing abstract elements.
In reality, Gerhard Richter's many and various works between abstraction and figuration already proved how painting could be considered as something homogeneous, regardless of its own declinations. In 1986, the American abstract painter Jonathan Lasker wrote: "I'm seeking subject matter, not abstraction." Lasker thought Abstraction was dead with Frank Stella's Black Paintings, so he imagined painting as representing marginal topics like memory, presence, matter, transcendence and the mix between high and low art. In addition to these topics, felt as crucial nowadays, the post- abstraction by the Millennials, shaped by the exponential growing of information and digital technology, reflects on the individual's position during image creation and fruition processes.
Studies on perception, at the core of artistic experimentations since the end of the Fifties, were one of the many consequences derived from the discoveries in quantum physics. The observer was given the power to influence the results of scientific experiments and, in an extended way, he could concretely define reality. Through the Uncertainty principle, the epistemological consequences of Werner Karl Heisemberg's theory would have been received also by contemporary arts, which started then a deep reflection on the observer's role in the construction of images. Optic and kinetic works were conceived as interactive devices able to create a physiological reaction into the observer, who became an active part in the understanding of the image. Artists considered themselves as aesthetic scientists with the social mission to show the audience how congnitive mechanisms work. To realize their goal, they had to make one step back and give up with the author principle, in the same way as the N Group from Padova did when their works were presented under a collective signature. After fifty years, at the peak of the digital era, studies on the relation between image and perception have reconceived or, at least, extended to the new cognitive standards of the Y generation. These young artists are not interested defining how visual mechanisms work, while they focus on the reactions to the changed fruition conditions to internet and virtual reality images. They developed a critical awareness to distinguish artistic creation from the production of commercial, advertisting and playful images. All the artists present in the exhibition show a radically individualistic approach in considering art as a cognitive tool and as a way to resist to the codes of mass-media communication and traditional storytelling systems. The abstraction choice has been immediate for some and gradual for others. It represents a precise wish to cut any connection with the invasion of media language (and not its technology) to re-establish a primary and creative connection with reality.
Abstract comes from the latin expression ab trahere and means "to remove", "to separate". It refers to that kind of mental action that moves from the concrete and immediate side of contigency to the one filtered by reflection. Abstraction and theory are comparable terms. They both include detachment from reality, even if in the Millennials' abstraction is only temporary. It has the same value of an epochè, a suspension of judgment towards the alleged truth of phenomena, which never resolves in a complete detachment from reality.
Paolo Bini, for example, translates physical (and mental) landscapes in abstract chromatic units, based on pixels and scanner or plotter timings. The artist paints on paper strips, then mounted on boards, canvases or walls to create images characterized by a rhythmical and chromatic partition. With paintings, installations and paint-sculptures, Bini builds a lyrical and personal variation of pattern painting, where geometrical precision and gestural urgency of abstract expressionism coexist. This emotional geometry, produced by the fusion between mental structures and phenomenical entities, places his painting style on the the thin border between visible and invisible, on the precise point where the act of observing nature fights with the creative distorsions of awareness.
The pictorial signs by Isabella Nazzarri may be defined as phyto-morphic and anatomorphic. Using an organic and perpetually changing alphabet, she expresses feelings, memories and intuitions incomprehensible in any other way. The artist gets inspiration from the classification of anatomical and herbal tables to build a world of evocative and fluctuating pictograms, obtained through a free interpretation of natural morphologies. Nazzarri realized a big mural painting on the gallery ceiling, a crowded organic genesis echoing the codified forms of her Innatural systems, an imaginative theory of amoebas and parameciums, bacteria and protozoans coming out from the primordial broth of an alien planet. Even if her artistic world is not influenced by science fiction, it represents the inner observation of an overabundance of archetypical forms, similar to terrestrial microbiologies generate by a mobile and liquid imagination.
Matteo Negri's research focuses on plastic substances in an eclectic way, in combination with stone and ceramic, metal and resin, using industrial varnishes to create pop colors for an immediate expressive efficiency. His varied production centers on the division between form and meaning, a short circuit of aesthetic content and substance. This is the case of Kamigami Box, big irregular boxes showing internal surfaces covered with mirroring steel. The surfaces reflect the Lego constructions on the sculpture's base ad infinitum, giving the impression of a limitless urban settlement. Together with a new Kamigami, the artist shows a piece of furniture, an old chest of drawers transformed in a displayer containing many little works. The visitors are invited to explore it, so they can experience an unusual form of artistic interaction.
The mechanisms of creation and image fruition are at the core of Patrick Tabarelli work. His works drive the observer towards a kind of perceptive uncertainty, thanks to their formal ambiguity. His paintings are made of flat, almost digital surfaces, or are crossed by dynamic and minimal oscillations, in contrast with the gestural origins of his style. Recently, his works focused on the construction of drawing machines, digital hardware and software for the production of surfaces, which look like hand-painted, so the ambiguity between author and work emerges once again.
Through his project NORAA (NOn Representational Art Automata), Tabarelli suggests a redefinition of the traditional concepts of author and autenticity of the work, on crisis because of the recent development and the new interactive possibilities introduced by digital and information technologies.
Viviana Valla elaborates the language of geometrical abstraction through unconventional substances, like recovery papers, post-it, tape and fragments of printed images. She invents an intimate dimension with the realization of a mysterious and enigmatic visual diary. All we do not see, such as the pictorial adjustments and the collage erased by the artist during the stratification process, is the skeleton of her work. The settled formal subjects partially emerge from the work's surface, they are part of a gradual rearrangement of chaotic elements through continuous additions and exclusions, negations and affirmations. The artist translates in a clear and extensive language the gathering of elusive thoughts, immediate ideas and sudden inspirations accompanying the creative act. The final result is a slow perception of soft colors and delicate tones, almost
monochromatic painting style, reducing lyrical and emotional distractions in a minimal and analytical world.
Giulio Zanet's painting style is based on the impossibility of objectifying thoughts ad emotions in a clear and linear system. His artistic career testifies a gradual moving from destructured figuration to a hybrid and polysemous abstraction, his language reflects the vague imprecision of existential experiences. Using the main codes of abstract tradition - analytical, informal, abstract expressionism and neo geo - he defines a basically mobile and uncertain style, alternating the rigour of pattern with the pleasure of decoration, the freedom of gesture with the imperfect disposition of signs on an instable and fragile balance between rules and transgression. Many of his recent works overcome the classic structure of painting and become abstract shapes. They are fragments of an omnivorous language, similar to an expanded texture, invading the envirnommental space to change invariably its own perceptive boundaries.